★ Authored by Olga Shestova, a million-copy bestselling Russian author, renowned physiologist, and Doctor of Medical Sciences!
★ This book explains major discoveries in modern medicine in simple, clear language for the general reader: from the discoveries of Pavlov, Mechnikov, Morgan, and Koch to the application of nuclear physics in medicine, genes, and stem cells.
★ The major medical discoveries covered in the book are categorized by theme into six chapters: Physiology, Genetics, Pathogens, Medical Methods, and Pharmacology. Readers can start reading with any theme they are most interested in.

The world's most famous and highest honor – the Nobel Prize – is awarded annually to those with outstanding scientific research achievements, revolutionary inventions, and those who have made significant contributions to culture or social development. This book primarily introduces you to the Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine. To date, 219 winners have received 210 awards, and we have selected 30 well-known research results or inventions that have been widely applied in our lives. Even people without education in related fields will have heard of them, and all share the same core – concern for healthcare and personal well-being.

**Olga Shestova:**
Physiologist, writer, Doctor of Medical Sciences, graduated from the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University. For 25 years since obtaining her doctorate, her life has been connected to the fields of medicine, publishing, and education. To date, Olga has published several medical journals and over 1000 specialized and popular science medical books, with a total circulation exceeding 5 million copies. She regularly meets readers at large bookstores in Moscow, major book fair events, and seminars held in St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Voronezh, and other Russian cities. Her interviews and webinars often attract millions of viewers. Furthermore, Olga is frequently invited as an expert consultant on popular TV and radio programs on Russian Central Television and radio channels.
Olga is the author of bestsellers such as "Why We Get Sick," "Age: Advantages, Paradoxes, and Solutions," and "Aging Beautifully and Healthily." Her works are highly regarded by the medical community and noted for their emotional connection with readers.

**Lev Inozemtsev:**
Graduated from the Department of Biological and Medical Physics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, holds a Master's degree in Molecular and Cellular Biology, primarily researching the interaction of intermediate filament proteins with mitochondria and their role in cell life.

**Chapter 1: Century of Physiology: From Phagocytosis to Autophagy**
1. Conditioned and Unconditioned Reflexes: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
2. The Discovery of Immunity: Ilya Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
3. Who Classified Blood into Different Types?: Karl Landsteiner
4. Where Does Digestion Begin?: Christian de Duve, Albert Claude, George Palade
5. Bad Cholesterol and Good Cholesterol: Michael Brown, Joseph Goldstein
6. The Mechanism of Autophagy in Our Bodies, or How to Lose Weight and Prevent Cancer: Yoshinori Ohsumi

**Chapter 2: The Gene in the 20th Century: From Discovery to Editing**
1. The Creation of the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity: Thomas Morgan
2. DNA – The Important Discovery of the 20th Century: Francis Crick, James Watson, Maurice Wilkins
3. Decoding the Genetic Code: Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall Nirenberg
4. How Did Human Genome Editing Begin?: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith

**Chapter 3: Humanity's Micro Enemies: From Tuberculosis Bacillus to AIDS**
1. Tuberculosis Bacillus or the Origin of Microbiology: Robert Koch
2. Gastritis and Ulcers Come Not from Stress, but from Helicobacter pylori: Robin Warren, Barry Marshall
3. Dangerous Viruses – HIV and HPV: Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier, Harald zur Hausen

**Chapter 4: Medical Methods: From Organ Transplants to In Vitro Fertilization**
1. Organ and Blood Vessel Transplantation: Alexis Carrel
2. Electrocardiogram – What's Hidden in the Heart: Willem Einthoven
3. Cardiac Catheterization: Werner Forssmann, André Cournand, Dickinson Richards
4. How to Suppress Immunity in Organ Transplantation: Joseph Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
5. Application of Nuclear Physics in Medical Services: Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield
6. Test-Tube Babies – The Perfect Conception and Victory Over Infertility: Robert Edwards

**Chapter 5: Pharmacological Development: From Serum to Viagra**
1. Anti-Diphtheria Serum: Emil von Behring
2. Insulin – A Boon for Diabetics: Frederick Banting, John Macleod
3. Anti-Anemia Diet Regimen: George Whipple, George Minot, William Murphy
4. The First Antimicrobial Drug: Gerhard Domagk
5. Penicillin – Life-Saving Mold: Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain
6. Nitric Oxide – Man's Best Friend: Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, Ferid Murad

**Chapter 6: Nobel Discoveries of the 21st Century**
1. RNA Interference – The "Controller" of Genetic Information: Jacques Monod, François Jacob
2. Telomeres Breaking the Hayflick Limit: Elizabeth Blackburn, Jack Szostak, Carol Greider
3. Induced Stem Cells – Magical Transformation: John Gurdon, Shinya Yamanaka
4. Let's Check Our Biological Clock: Michael Rosbash, Jeffrey Hall, Michael Young

**Conclusion, But Not The End**
How to Become a Nobel Laureate